In the vast field of medical research, human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSC) are gradually emerging as a prominent player. They possess notable characteristics of abundant sources and ease of isolation, which distinguish them among various types of stem cells and make them a popular subject for research and application.

hAMSC are distributed within the mesenchymal layer of the amniotic membrane of the placenta. In vitro, they exhibit potent differentiation capabilities, capable of differentiating into adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and other cell types, demonstrating their multipotency. Additionally, the lack of expression of histocompatibility antigens and telomerase赋予 them low immunogenicity and low tumorigenicity, significantly reducing the risks associated with their application and providing the possibility for their promotion in clinical treatment.

hAMSC plays an important role in the treatment of immune system diseases. The immune system is like a defender of the human body. Once it is out of balance, it can cause many diseases. hAMSC can secrete soluble cytokines, effectively inhibit monocyte proliferation, weaken T cell function and NK cytotoxicity, and can also control local tissue inflammation by inhibiting the secretion of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin and interferon y., thereby regulating the immune system and restoring its balance.

hAMSC plays a positive role in reproductive system diseases, whether it is premature ovarian failure in women or testicular protection and spermatogonia proliferation in men. In clinical studies on premature ovarian failure in women, after injection of hAMSC, it can be observed that it migrates to damaged ovaries, improves the local microenvironment, regulates the levels of various factors through exosomes, promotes angiogenesis, and regulates follicular development and proliferation. In the male reproductive system, it promotes androgen synthesis and promotes the proliferation of spermatogonia through periostin activation-related proteins.

HAMSC is also indispensable for wound healing in the skin system. On the one hand, it reduces the production of reactive oxygen species in fibroblasts, enhances the activity of related enzymes, and promotes the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts; on the other hand, it activates the migration and differentiation of keratinocytes, promotes wound healing through specific signal pathways, accelerates wound epithelialization.

Bone defects are common in skeletal system injuries. hAMSC can induce M2 macrophages to secrete key factors, promote the mineralization and deposition rate of partial bone defects and bone regeneration. Compared with commonly used materials such as metallic titanium, titanium alloys adhered with hAMSC are more effective in treating bone defects. The combination of rigid biomaterials and hAMSC will also be an important development direction in the future.

In terms of nervous system diseases, for Alzheimer's disease, hAMSC can not only promote the activation of microglia and enhance their ability to phagocytize β -amyloid protein, but also down-regulate the expression of inflammatory factors through paracrine effect and regulate local inflammatory reactions. Injection of hAMSC, which highly expresses the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene, also improved learning ability in Alzheimer's rats.

For liver diseases in the digestive system, hAMSC infusion can inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation, reduce the number of Kupffer cells, inhibit liver inflammation and oxidative stress, reduce collagen deposition, and inhibit liver fibrosis.

During acute lung injury of the respiratory system, hAMSC migrate to the damaged lungs, reduce local inflammatory responses, improve respiratory and immune functions, and inhibit the inflammatory process and progression of fibrotic lesions in the lungs.

In the circulatory system, hAMSC induces cardiac vascular regeneration through multiple chemokines, stimulates the release of endogenous cellular paracrine factors, improves myocardial repair, and enhances damaged myocardial function.

In acute kidney injury of the urinary system, hAMSC migrates to the damaged renal interstitial tissue, promotes the recovery of renal tissue structure, reduces serum indicators, reduces interstitial fibrosis, promotes renal cell regeneration and growth factor secretion, and improves renal function.

With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the deepening of research on 3D culture, serum-free culture and differentiation into specific tissue cells, the potential of hAMSC is continuing to be tapped. Its research mechanism in the treatment of various diseases has become increasingly clear, which has also laid a solid foundation for its widespread clinical application. It is believed that in the future medical field, hAMSC will play a more important role, bringing new hope to many patients. and dawn.